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Ceramics, lyre of keramika, production of ceramics, artistic ceramics, abstract.

In antiquity any object (a factory is an ooo ceramics are an abstract tile) gave a man the field for artistic activity. However much the special place among domestic objects occupies a clay receptacle. It is known that production of ceramics and appearance of ceramic wares conducted a clear border in the culture of man between mezolitom and neolith. Not for nothing archaeologists often name a neolith the epoch of ceramics. For the man of antiquity efforts of four basic elements of the world are naturally united in ceramics. Earth (clay) divorces water, from her good, which at first dries on air, and then burnt oneself on a fire, is modelled. And the process of modelling was perceived as creation (not for nothing in Ancient Russia by creation, creation was name the process of involving of clay). Naturally, that myths, telling about tom, how gods moulded the first people and production of ceramics organized, appear in antiquity. One of such myths was become by history about Pandora ( grech. “all gifted”). This woman was blinded from clay by Athena, and Gefest burned afire, to take revenge people for a fire, stolen for them Prometheus. Becoming wife Epimeteya, she, from womanish curiosity, opened given to her on saving of pifos (large egg-shaped vessel for storage of water, wine, corn). All misfortunes of human family broke from him, and only a little hope remained under the lid of vessel of çàâîä êåðàìèê. So through a myth contradictory ceramic vessels entered in a culture. A factory of Keramika is in antiquity - it not only production of ceramics and vessels. Long time masters of Korinfa made for all Greece flat ceramic flags which was face the walls of buildings and temples. To their thicket everything was decorated by volume relief. In temples production of ceramics Greeks brought ceramic votivnye tablets with promises to gods (lat. votivus - devoted gods). Widely nephrite of keramika was widespread in the ancient world of production of ceramics round ceramic sculpture. A little small town Tanagra especially became fame such sculpture. Here in III in. B.C. the art of little (5-30 see) terrakotovykh statuettes attained a bloom (ital. terra cotta is the burnt earth). Credit of keramika. They represented the stages from life and either served as the toys of children's or went down in a grave. Often for an ordinary city dweller replaced the factory of keramika dear wares from a metal. And many domestic things were done in antiquity exceptionally from clay (production of ceramics, spindles of looms, fishings sinkers, beehives, lyre of keramika and etc). The whole quarter of potters of making of ceramics was engaged in a ceramic production in Athens. He was in north-western part of city and partly disposed after a city wall, near a large necropolis - official burial place of falling on war athenians. Vessels are a tile, made here, used and in the way of life, and and sacral aims. Technology was so simple, that child's labour was often used. It allowed to organize both small domestic workshops and large productions with in a number of slaves. making of ceramics was so wide it is put right, that the name of quarter (Keramik) became the name for all wares from clay. Gradually there were three methods of making of ceramic vessels. Artistic ooo ceramics flowed. Most ancient from them was modelling of vessel by hand abstract. Hardly later potter's wheel appeared for production of ceramics, and then some small wares began to make by formovochnykh stamps (negatives). Character of registration of vessel changed naturally. And if for the third method the decorations of reliefs are characteristic, and for the second are painting of tiers, at the first method registration yet chaotically and poorly depends on the form of vessel of çàâîä êåðàìèê. Naturally, that baking ceramics decorative pattern, their decorating, so or differently ooo corresponded this setting - to be the receptacle of the soul of earth on the different stages (exactly in blood then “placed” the soul). True, today lyre of keramika numerous domestic not vases reached to us, but only the most dear standards, done especially firmly and, mainly, from etruscan burial places. Not walls of caves or temples and even not sculptural frisians were in antiquity basis for expression of mass artistic world view, but little and at times very fragile vessel. The whole world appeared in the hands of master to on lyre to the ceramics. He becomes equal to god, by a creator. Credit of keramika. The little surface of vessel compelled to save artistic facilities. The main are become by a line and color. Shallow, thinnest the plastic arts and fine colour distinctions. The table of contents is always (even in the most luxurious styles) expressed stingily. It is symbolic denotation, instead of image (one goat, instead of herd; one octopus, instead of all marine animals). And forms extremely stilizovany: horns are ovals, feet are sticks, a trunk is triangles and etc Thus, painting a vessel nephrite of keramika, vazopisets sometimes dismembers him on the expressly read anthropomorphous parts (tulovo, throat, neck, halo, pens, leg), and sometimes, vice versa, creating a single picture, unites these parts in whole. artistic ceramics. Bases of art of miniature are so mortgaged (factory of keramika) . The Lvov ceramics are the exceptional phenomenon of the Ukrainian art of the second half of XX age lyre of keramika. She passed the unusual way of development, marked mastering of on principle new materials of îîî êåðàìèê, technologies and expressive facilities, to workings out problems of synthesis of arts, deep studies of folk traditions and their organic combinations with modern vivid thought. Achieving Lvov keramistiv were marked not only within the limits of the state but also abroad, they became permanent participants and laureates of numerous international exhibitions, competitions and symposiums. On today's concepts the Lvov ceramics engulf creative reserve of a few generations of artists. Practically all of them got trade education in the walls of the Lvov academy of arts. The first issue of keramistiv was carried out in 1953 of making of ceramics, and in 1970th the graduating students of department of artistic ceramics already formed in Lvov large kagortu of original artists. Only enough to remember the names of George Laschuka, Michael Smooth, Boris Gorbalyuka, Yaroslava Zakharchishina, Tarasa Dragana, Zenoviya Flinti, Novel of Petruka, Tarasa Levkiva, Maria Savki, Olga Bezpalkiv, Neli Fedchun, Miladi Kravchenko, Inny Tumanovoy, Yaroslava Sheremeti, Zenoviya of Birch, Grigory Kichuli, Galina Oshukevich. In 1980th - 90th a fresh stream is brought in by the young graduating students of institute - Yaroslava Motika, Ulyana Yaroshevich, Ivan Frank, Igor Kovalevich, Ljudmila Kovalevich, Ann Lipa, Igor Bereza, Ann Drul', Ann Lisik . Program of teaching of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà on speciality "decorative ceramics" and "planning of uzhitkovoy ceramics" include the wide circle of creative tasks, in particular, capture the various receptions of forming and decorating of ceramic wares, acquaintance with achievements of traditional folk and professional modern ceramics, implementations and realization of creative projects - ot the uzhitkovikh forms of tableware to compositions for an architectural environment and unique works of exhibition character. Achieving a department for the last years is considerable and ponderable çàâîä êåðàìèê. The numerous honoured rewards on the international competitions of artistic ceramics got the pupil of department Taras Levkiv, Zenoviy of Flinta, Novel, Petruk, Inna Tumanova, Yaroslava Motika, Igor Bereza, Ulyana Yaroshevich, Igor Kovalevich et al. To one of the greatest rewards on the International competition in Faentsi in 1986 was awarded Nelya Fedchun. The graduating students of department worked as main artists on Kievan (Nick Lampeka), Polonskomu (Michael Kozak), Baranivskomu (Alexander Tregubov), to Poltava (Ivan Vitsko), Borislavskomu (Nick Samiylenko) factories of porcelains lyre of keramika. To Lvov (Stepan Kutsina) and Rudkivskomu (Stepan Bets') ceramic factories. On the department of artistic ceramics of the Lvov academy of arts proceeds presently active pedagogical and creative labour. Young people cognize îîî êåðàìèê the mysterious world of ceramics, afterwards to lay in him an own creative way, complete experiencing, doubting and performing. An artistic culture comes forward one of major components of spiritual culture lyre of keramika. Together with a cognitive, religious, moral, political culture she is called to form the internal world of man, assist development of man as a creator of cultural values. The kernel of artistic culture is an art as form artistically to vivid interpretation actual and imaginary. Types of art are literature, theater, painting, sculpture, architecture, music and others like that due to the use of various facilities of expressiveness master reality in the form of unique individual image. These forms can be raznymi - ot metaphorical to realistic, but they always represent the fate of people and people, ideas and problems at one time. Table of contents of concept "Artistic culture". Art as form artistically to vivid interpretation actual and imaginary. One of major components of culture as an aggregate of the values created humanity is an artistic culture. An artistic culture is difficult, multi-layered education, which unites all types of art of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà, process of artistic creation, his results and system of measures on creation of îîî êåðàìèê, saving and distribution of artistic values, education of creative personnels and spectator audience. Understanding a culture as "second nature", as aggregate of values material and spiritual, as development of forces of essences of man, method of recreation a man itself as a creature spiritual, we examine an artistic culture as most stable humanism region of culture. In fact among the ramified system of the spiritual values historically produced and fastened tradition - religious, philosophical making of ceramics, moral exactly artistic, aesthetically beautiful values, keeping majestic achievements human genius in works of art, stand on the watch of integrity of culture and vital experience, collected humanity during the millenniums of çàâîä êåðàìèê. By the kernel of artistic culture, her an art comes forward a sistemoutvoryuyuchim factor as a vivid recreation is artistic actual and imaginary. „ About, will not abandon, muses, I am an altar your! Truthful life will not be without an art” (Evripid) lyre of keramika. Actuality of these words, proclaimed large ancient Greek dramatist Evripidom more than two thousand years that is why, is confirmed every instant of our stormy life. An art was and it remains one of major factors of spiritual life of humanity. It stimulates creative activity, sanctifies and enriches living by of man the emotional experiencing and reflections. Is it possible to learn to understand an art? Possibly history of ceramics, this question will seem to someone strange, it is considered in fact, that it is accessible to each. But at the same time, we know that on different people the same the work is made by the different impression. Someone listened music, looked a sculpture and forgot about heard and seen, and in other this work was caused by the great number of senses and ideas. The first did not understand, about what an artist told by the work, that is why and remained indifferent. We feel a difference between the language of artistic works and to toy which îîî êåðàìèê use in the way of life. And to lay hands on this language by the "special language" art - it needs each, who wants perfection of the internal world. During many ages of artistic ceramics humanity with a delight discusses problems, related to the process of creation of artistic values and their perception. But, in spite of it, we will feel noticeable complications, if will want to find final determination of concept "art". More frequent than all in reflections about an art people reproduce the emotional experiencing, related to this unique phenomenon. As early as a remoteness became firmly established idea, that an art, entertaining, teaches. Large French novelist Onore where Bal'zak talked that all, since a fresco and sculpture concluding a caricature, is living history, character of time, language of people and, in the end, mighty force. The English artist Joshua Reynol'ds was sure of tom, that purpose of art, - to complement natural insufficiency of things and satisfy a necessity in embodiment togo which is in imagination of man. Yet more bold spoke out in a preface to the famous novel "Warming Portrait" of Doriana the English writer Oscar Uayl'd, speaking that an art is a mirror with an imprint togo, who looks for him, but not nearly life. And all these utterances (as well as a lot of other) are although, no doubt, interesting for a subsequent discussion, and all zh-taki scientific will not name them. In old times an art was name ability, skills which was needed in order to make any good lyre of keramika. In some degree it is a value îîî êåðàìèê words saved until now. In fact we name any activity which achieves the level of the greatest trade a "art". For ancient Greeks of such value acquired a word "techne", which words "technique", "technology", originate from. The Latin word "àrt", well known us, was anymore orientated on humanitarian knowledges and in a translation also meant a "handicraft, employment". In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome differentiating was rationed between arts "high" and so zvanimi "servil'nimi" (ot lat. - to be a slave, to serve). Free citizens were not engaged in hard physical work or service. All their efforts were directed on the visit of theaters, museums, participating in philosophical disputes, poetic competitions and others like that. Such arts, as logic, astronomy, are needed were for this purpose, music et al making of ceramics. Not for nothing wonderful god Apollo, promoter of arts, on a mountain Parnassus was surrounded Muses, daughters of Zeus and Mnemosini, goddesses of sciences and arts, each of which was responsible for the type of art: Evterpa - for the lyrical poetry of çàâîä êåðàìèê, Klio - for history, Waist - for a comedy, Mel'pomena - for a tragedy, Terpsikhora - for dance, Erato - for a love poetry, Poligimniya - for hymns, Uraniya - for astronomy, Kalliopa - for an epos. And by a handicraft - build, agricultural, shoe and others like that - slave girls and poor men zanimalis'. To the handicrafts or servil'nikh arts took painting and sculpture once. This tradition in some degree was saved and during dark Ages lyre of keramika. The university course of sciences, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music, was included in which, was named "free arts", and labour of artists was considered only an answer on an appeal Divine force. And in Renaissance age, when with renewed strength ideas began to sound about dignity of man, an art became a research object in his orientation on the real reality. Scientific study of art, conformities to the law of his development began in the XVIII item It, foremost, was related to the selection of independent section of philosophy, to separate industry of philosophical knowledge about beauty and laws of its recreation in works of art, which obtained the name "aesthetics" (ot ancient Greek "aisthesis" is perceptible perception). Attention of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà! There is a term of "aesthetics in a scientific appeal " it was entered the German philosopher by Alexander Gotlibom Baumgartenom, which named the two-volume labour which went out a seal in a period from 1750 to 1758, "Akromatichna of aesthetics" of îîî êåðàìèê. A scientist examined aesthetics as a "theory of perceptible cognition ", and art - as embodiment of beauty. A new page in researches of nature of art of history of ceramics was opened by works of Voltaire, Didro, Lessinga, Vinkel'mana, representatives of German classic philosophy of Kanta and Gegelya baking ceramics. their ideas were pawned by bases of modern aesthetically beautiful science. It is although needed to acknowledge that on occasion conclusions of scientists of togo time were unexpected enough. Yes, in work of the French abbot Æ.Á.Äþáî the "Critical reflections about a poetry and painting (in 1719) of change in an art were explained changes in the temperature of air. In 50 years the German philosopher Yogann Gerder specified: an art changes the form under act of climate, depends on national character. For Gegelya an art came forward the result of global development of the world lyre of keramika. Reason of motion of artistic process and change of his stages (symbolic, classic, romantic) explained gradual development of the Absolute idea of îîî êåðàìèê. For today aesthetics, passing the long way of becoming and development, is one of major философско-культурологических disciplines. Aesthetics is the system of laws of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà, concepts and categories which represent aesthetically beautiful qualities of reality and process of its mastering after the laws of beauty, features of functioning of art, his perceptions and understandings of his results, are a lyre of keramika. Engaged in the study of general conformities to the law of development of art, aesthetics comes forward general theoretical basis in relation to the special sciences which have the applied character mostly (literary criticism, theatre science, musicology, theory of fine art and other). A study of art is an aggregate of such specialized sciences, what called to learn an origin and socially aesthetically beautiful essence of art, his concrete forms, character of functioning and others like that îîî êåðàìèê. There are sufficiently a lot of determinations of concept "art", each of which, working over centuries-old experience of scientists - researchers of art, -ïî-ñâîºìó the lyre of keramika lights his setting and lines of essences. One of them following: An art is the special kind spiritually practical mastering of reality after the laws of beauty. The feature of this mastering consists in tom, that it comes forward in the artistically vivid form of îîî êåðàìèê. Features of influencing of art on a man: 1. for his help a man is able to perceive the surrounding her world in integrity lyre of keramika; 2. it can get to the most secret corners of the human soul, fluster works of man of majestic; 3. directly contacts with the emotional sphere of personality, most mobile and plastic sphere of human psyche; 4. by an art an idea is incarnated in such form, which excites emotions, activates imagination, causes the special experiencing which name aesthetically beautiful, or artistic. Artistic emotions arise up only at meeting with socially historical history of ceramics, ponderable, important for many the lyre of keramika. They are investigation not mechanical, passive, and certainly creative perception, which brings a man, develops its imagination and intellect. Co-operation perceptible and intellectual îîî êåðàìèê of spheres during perception of artistic work of making of ceramics gives the impression of the special force. Not for nothing the Russian psychologist Ë.Ñ.Âèãîòñüêèé, determining an art as "aggregate of aesthetically beautiful signs which are directed on excitation in the man of emotions", named these emotions "clever". They are incompatible with dry rationalism, saturated higher spiritual aspirations, and foremost by aspiration, to wonderful. To my surprise exact determination. By the way, the origin of such "clever" emotions can be counted by a main criterion for recognition of work of art in the stream of objects of mass culture, psevdoiskusstva. Weight of the emotional influencing of work of art underlined in remote past Aristotel', large ancient Greek philosopher. A concept "catharsis" (word for a word is cleaning) was base in his theory of wonderful. By the result of the aesthetically beautiful influencing of art on a man he counted the special state of psyche, when strong senses (I sting, anger, fascination) ot which are, according to Aristotelya, there is cleaning and facilitation, related to pleasure. Philosophical works of Aristotelya are a top of development of aesthetically beautiful opinion of antiquity of çàâîä êåðàìèê. The art of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà is occupied by an unique place in spiritual life of society due to it polifunktsional'nosti lyre of keramika. Almost each of functions of art is the "doubler" of toy or other form of practical activity of man: there is science of artistic ceramics, setting of which is a study and cognition of outward things, but also an art is cognition, there is pedagogics, but also an art is a mean of education, there are a language and modern facilities of communication, and an art is the special language and mean of information. The various types of activity of man do not substitute an art, or an art substitutes for none of forms of activity of man, and vice versa, it reproduces specifically, designs each of them. Herein the basic feature of artistic activity consists in its vsezagal'niy form of îîî êåðàìèê. Functions of îîî êåðàìèê of art: 1. publicly converting; 2. cognitive heuristic artistic ceramics; 3. artistically conceptual; 4. foresight; 5. informative and communicative; 6. educate; 7. suggestion; 8. aesthetically beautiful; 9. gedonistichna. 1. Publicly converting function (art as activity). Appears in that is why, that artistic work carries out ideological is aesthetically beautiful influence on people, plugs them in the integrally directed activity and the same takes part in pereoformlenii of society. In addition, a process of creation is transformation by imagination of the impressions, facts from the real life. In the end making of ceramics, any material which an artist works with is also subject processing which new quality of çàâîä êåðàìèê. Some scientific schools deny or diminish possibility of participation of art in transformation of the existent world. They erect meaningfulness of art to implementation of a compensate function - an art in the field of Spirit helps to pick up thread the lost harmony. Such action is inherent an art, but the ideas of talented artist "wake" consciousness of audience early or late, compel him newly to perceive the usual phenomenon. 2. Cognitive heuristic (art as knowledge and education). In spite of the fact that most prominent philosophers of the world Sycamore and Regel' counted the art of cognition of truth, which can not enter into a rivalry neither with philosophy nor with religion, a lower form, however needed it is to acknowledge that cognitive possibilities of art are enormous. An art is able to explore those sides lives, what inaccessible science. The law of existence of the phenomenon is grasped in the formula of water of Í2Î. The ta picture of talented artist-painter of sea-scapes is able to pass power of element. An art is mastered by riches subject the perceptible world, the new opens in the already known things, in ordinary -íåçâè÷àéíå. 3. Artistically conceptual (art as analysis of the state of the world) lyre of keramika. An art wants global thought, working out world problems, comprehension of the state of the world. An artist is interested by the fate of his heroes, and humanity on the whole, he thinks in the scales of Universe and history, with them co-ordinates the creation. History of art can give the enormous amount of such examples of îîî êåðàìèê. Although this function is obvious not always. In modern science strong and antiintellectual flow which goes ot the intuitionalism of Anri Bergsona, in psychology - ot Zigmunda of Freud, in an art is the flow of surrealism, which acknowledges a "automatic letter", "epidemic of sleep", "disconnecting of mind". But also at that rate we get the original picture of the world which is built on the flashes of intuition of çàâîä êåðàìèê. 4. Function of êðåäèò êåðàìèêà of foresight ("kassandrivske began"). And in this case the question is about the use of intuition. If a scientist draws conclusion inductive a way, an artist is able vividly to imagine the future. An artist, leaning against intuition, can for certain foresee the future by extrapolation - reliable continuation of line of development already existing. And here we mean not only fantasy, although it and there is the most comfortable example. 5. Informative and communicative (art as report and intercourse) history of ceramics. An analysis exactly of this function of art lies in basis of modern aesthetically beautiful theories which are developed ^ñåì³îòèêîþ, ^êîìïàðàòèâ³ñòèêîþ but other An art is examined as an original communication channel, as sign system which carries information. Thus informative possibilities of artistic language appear considerably wider, the language of art is more clear, metaphorically, emotionally stronger, than colloquial. 6. Educate ("forming of integral personality). An educate value of philosophy consists in influence on forming of world view, politicians - on political looks, and an art influences complex both in opinion and per head of man, forms integral personality. But influencing of art is a not didactics, not moralizatorskoe. An art influences on personality through an aesthetically beautiful ideal which appears both in positive and in negative offenses of making of ceramics. An art allows a man to outlive other lives as it, enriched stranger experience. This experience comes forward as artistically organized, generalized, intelligent an artist. Except for it, the features of modern life do or not major another ability of art - a contact with work of art enables to discharge internal tension, agitation which is generated the real life, even partly to compensate monotony of ordinariness of îîî êåðàìèê. 7. Function of suggestion (sugestivna). An art is able naveivat' the way of thinking, senses, the almost hypnotic influences on a human psyche. Especially this his ability appears in difficult periods of history. No doubt, an artist must realize the value of this function and responsibly to behave to the activity. 8. Aesthetically beautiful ("forming of the valued orientations) lyre of keramika. Under act of art aesthetically beautiful tastes are formed, the creative beginning of personality, its desires to create beauties after laws wakes up. Not nearly mean that every personality must demonstrate the desire to take part in an artistic independent action. But all, that does persons, must conform to the pictures of beauty and measure, and picture of essence of art, criteria of estimation of works of art must be formed. 9. Gedonistichna ("function of pleasure). This êðåäèò êåðàìèêà a function is related to tem, that exists playing aspect of artistic activity. Game as a display of freedom is brought by aesthetically beautiful pleasure, gladness, spiritual inspiration. Such are major functions of art, although their list is not limited to adopted lyre of keramika. Not because of absence of direct pragmatic expedience, existences of people it is impossible without an art. An art is formed by personality comprehensively, forms moral principles, aesthetically beautiful tastes, elevates mind, knowledge, imagination, fantasy. Vsezagal'na a necessity in an art swims out îîî êåðàìèê, according to the large German philosopher Ã.Ãåãåëÿ, from clever aspiration of man spiritually to master internal and external the worlds, presenting them as an object in which she knows actually "ß" çàâîä êåðàìèê.

Ceramics, production of ceramics, artistic ceramics abstract flowed, souvenirs of keramika in the artistic workshop of O&M.

Already in early antiquity we find ceramics are an abstract enormous variety of forms of vases and their painting. In the krito-mikenskom world for storage of wine, corn, waters were used enormous 2th pifosy of meters, which buried in earth on a depth, exceeding human growth. So in hot terms it is better it was to save products. And from other side, in the way of life used tiny cups with thin practically transparent walls. Them today well-aimed name a “egg-shell”. White, black, red and dark blue paints prevail in painting of ceramics. Vases of style of Kamares: On the name of cretan grotto of Kamares near Festa the first style of ancient vazopisi got the name. The subjects of the vazovoy painting are always reflected by the not so much preferences of vazopistsa, how many sacral necessity lyre of keramika. Divine pair on an island Krit was presented connection of the vegetable and animal worlds. A goddess was symbolized by plants. On numerous cretan seals the ritual of pulling up a sacred tree was saved. He passed in the middle of summer, and after him forces of a Sun began to decrease. The world rhythms were so supported. In fact not only plants depended on a Sun, but a Sun depended on plants is close vzaimovliyanie and factory of keramika depended on to the workshop. It is simultaneous there was a ritual of death of goddess (factory of keramika) . Amphora. VII in. B.C. Whole vegetable world for the cretan of raspadalsya on two spheres. In the first - natural production of ceramics, natural man only guest. It is the mysterious and unknown world, in which man can enter only in the moment of ritual. Credit of keramika of photo. Created the second vegetable a photo sphere of persons on your own. Sacred gardens were specially broken up in palaces, where sacral flowers were reared in the special pits or pots (lilies, crocuses). Such sacred trees grew in every cretan temple. God-man is an animal, bull nephrite of keramika. On the name of mythical ÷åëîâåêî-bull of Minotavra all culture of Krita of minoyskoy is adopted. He dwelt in the depth of labyrinth - Palace of labrisov (double axes), representing which in a great number find and now. His vessels - it ritony (factory of keramika) . It is primary the chopped off heads of animals (bulls), which priests took for horns, inverted and drank blood. So attached to force of earth which was accumulated in itself by bulls. Later the real heads replaced their ceramic analogues. But also putting riton is impossible, and drinking from the throat of vessel-bull is needed all drink at once, not spilling a not drop. And yet later in place of all head began to use a separate horn, absorbing all symbolism of sacrificial drink. But Krit is an island where production of ceramics is. artistic ceramics. And that is why the most ancient deities of ceramics were consider marine. Shells and shellfishes, corals and octopuses, look on us from krito-mikenskikh vases. From such vessels there is a lyre of keramika, supplied the magic image of sacral flower or marine animal, not wine disembogued in the body of tsar-priest, but blood of god-animal of ceramics are an abstract. There was the mystic attaching to god (sr. a participle is in a christian culture). artistic ceramics. And the forms of vessels of vazopistsy were chosen under to become a subject. On high vessels stretch in length of plant. And the spherical as if hug the tentacles octopuses. Geometry of the world of ceramics and geometry of painting: Homeric Greece is a reign of ceramics. factory of Keramika at this time so model for a culture in general, that today some scientists even select the special period of the ancient Greek culture - geometriku (IX-VIII vv. B.C.). Squares, rhombuses, rectangles of çàâîä êåðàìèê, circles, lines, zigzags fill space of vessels of the whole ancient world in this period. Model, that in Three it was found neither describe vividly nor sculptures. Only powerful citadels, treasures of jewellers, and plenty of ceramics. Specific of image An image comes forward in an art the form of thought. It is basis of any type of art, and a method of creation of image is a main criterion of belonging to the different types of art. Offenses arise up in consciousness of people under act of the real reality, perceived by the organs of chuttiv. They are copies, imprints of reality. Offenses are saved in memory and can be reproduced imagination. On the basis of appearances of memory an artist creates new reality - image which in same queue causes the row of imaginary appearances in consciousness of people (listeners, audience). An image is such comparison, comparison of different elements of the real or thought of world which new appearance appears as a result of. An image is provided with the logic of production of ceramics, he develops after the internal laws. Vital material which lies in basis of work of artistic ceramics leads the way, and an artist sometimes comes not nearly to the tomu result which wanted. On a large account, an image is built paradoxically, often unforeseeable, incomprehensible ceramics are an abstract. That general in the fate of talented girl and life of gull? Namely this image uses À. ×åõîâ in the immortal drama. In offense unexplored sides and relations of reality open up through the collision of the distant ot each other phenomena. Art as one of major constituents of culture proves in the variety of concrete types of artistic creation, amount and complication of which steadily grows in accordance with the requirements of time. Type of art - it forms are real artistically to creative activity, which differ, foremost, history of ceramics by the method of embodiment of artistic maintenance, specific of creation of image. Yes, for example, if a word comes forward initial material for creation of image in literature, in music an image is formed through a sound, in a fine art - by volume of by plastic forms. Question about the source of bagatomanitnosti types of art - one of traditional for the aesthetically beautiful theory of baking ceramics. Kant considered that riches of capabilities of subject come forward such source, Gegel' making of ceramics searched him in internal differentiation of absolute idea, French materialists - in the features of material which is used by artists. For today it is impossible to consider this problem fully decided. One is clear: can not come forward the criteria of determination of type of art only facilities of expressiveness or maintenance. These criteria are related to description of artistic activity on the whole: article of image, maintenance, facilities of expressiveness, forms of embodiment, influencing. Consequently, having a common origin and general principles, the types of art substantially differ one ot other. Differ material which certain artistic offenses are created from, large or more small similarity of these appearances to the real reality, by the method of passing to appearance and others like that. Attention! Artistic development of humanity went ot primitive syncretism to the selection of separate types of arts (ot continuous in unique whole artistic thought dance, music, theater, literature and etc, became separated from in old times). Motion is carried out in subsequent reverse - ot separate arts to their synthesis (architecture enters into a synthesis with painting of ceramics are an abstract, the cinema is united by the row of arts). Correlation between the types of art, their large or more small dependence has historical roots one ot other. Every historical epoch lines up the system of classification of types of art. Aristotel' asserted that baking ceramics all types of arts have general basis of -öå mimezis (imitation reality). Difference between them in tom ceramics are an abstract, on what reason and what facilities this inheritance takes place artistic ceramics. In Renaissance age difference between çàâîä êåðàìèê it was seen arts in tom, what material is used, accordingly, what sense-organ activates at perception of work of art. Similar approach held out long enough. There were new ideas only in German classic aesthetics. In particular, Regel' asserted that the types of arts developed as a system which gives birth the "spiritual climate of epoch". The system changes, the tot type of art, which answers historical originality of epoch most, is selected in her: First stage of development of arts - symbolic. An idea searches adequate her perceptible display, in material appears a hint, complete accordance is here needed between maintenance and form (as, for example, in architecture of Ancient Egypt). Second stage - classic history of ceramics. The sculpture of Old Greece - dominant of all ancient art which asserts harmonious unity of man and world can come forward an example. Third - romantic production of ceramics. Words by word Gegelya, main sign of this stage in tom, that ideas are wanted by advantages above external, it results in disparity of maintenance and form. In a role of leading types of art at one time Gegel' determined music, poetry, painting. In the XIX item the process of forming of basic types of art was practically completed. Classification of arts is offered at that time accented the artistic value of space or time in the types of art, their influence on sense-organs. Made and became traditional the above-mentioned chart. Principles of classification of works of art are clearly, that offered it is impossible to consider final, they take only general character and need subsequent clarification, especially as with development of hardwares, it is possible to expect the origin of new types of art of ceramics are an abstract. In addition, space broadens for âçàºìîâïëèâ³â, synthesis of arts. SPATIAL (STATIC) Applied: Architecture Dekorativno-uzhitkove Graphic Painting. Graphic arts. Sculpture of baking ceramics Artistic photo SENTINELS (DYNAMIC) Art of word Literature Art of sound of production of ceramics Music Art of gesture Choreography SPATIO-TEMPORAL (SYNTHETIC) history of ceramics Theater. Cinema. Television. Video. Animation Stage. Circus A synthesis of arts is an union of equal in rights kinds arts which are directed to one purpose and in the total give new artistic quality. For example, combination of music and theater results in appearance of musical theater in his various forms. Architectural space is stipulated by finishing character. The synthesis of fine art and architecture generates the monumental painting. No less important is direct connection of çàâîä êåðàìèê, which is carried out between the types of art, when under act of one work of art other gives birth making of ceramics. Under act of the impressions the piece (for example, "Pictures from the exhibition" of Modesta Musorgskogo) of music gives birth ot picturesque works of ceramics are an abstract, or literary work requires graphic addition (we will remember of genius "Ekaterinu" Tarasa Grigor'evicha Shevchenko).

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Amphora. VII in. B.C. For Greek of this period the world of ceramics abstract expressly raspadalsya on the levels of history of ceramics. A man was disposed on the middle worlds. Higher are the celestial worlds. Below - underground (khtonicheskie lyre of keramika). Really a man runs into them in the moments of birth or death (transition moments). Vessels begin to act sacral part already not only in relation to god (bringing of vessels to gods and sacral drink from them) but also in relation to a dying man. Little cinerary urn dying buries oneself in earth, and above her on a grave a large anthropoid amphora is put with the removed leg or bottom. An overhead vessel serves as an altar. In him pour a sacral liquid (more frequent than all honey, dilute water) which penetrates to dying in the underground world. The human world is best of all added an image on ceramics. And that is why vazopisets of famous dipilonskoy vase, breaking up the surface of vessel on levels, places the conditional, silhouette image of funerals in middle part. Levels (nizhnie and overhead), inaccessible a living man, are marked only characters of overhead and lower corns, overhead and lower waters. The flat figures of silhouettes and decorative patterns are not written on the surface of vessel, and yet make with him one whole. They do not try to move away from a surface, and vice versa, underline her. Vase-carpet: In the period of ooo of Greek archaic character there are çàâîä êåðàìèê of thousand ceramic workshops for making and painting of ceramic vessels. Exactly at this time, in VII in. B.C., in Korinfe there is the special style vazopisi lyre of keramika, absorbing in itself east reasons. On vessels whole letnty of the real and fantastic animals is stretched out. Painting is filled by all vessel, covering him a carpet. Not for nothing and this style was named a “carpet”. Plenitude of life of large auction city was outpoured on the surface of korinfskoy ceramics. On a light (wonderful cream tint) background with numerous spots-wall outlets the black lined up as if, slightly by a podtsvechennye purple, silhouettes of lions, leopards, panther, sphinxes, griffins, leaves of palms and flowers of lotus. Contours them protsarapany, that yet more selects figures unusual for Ancient Greece figures. Vazopisets yet does not try to attain fineness in half-tones, but expresses everything through silhouettes. But it is the not incorporeal world of clean shades already, what he was in geometrical style. A little by a podtsvechivayas' purple, he acquires corporalness, ponderability. Credit of keramika. It is the yet not world of real ceramic Greece, but already and the not potustoronniy world. Unprecedented creatures from other countries (more frequent from Egypt) became the transitional stage in interest of artist to the surroundings. An image begins to move away from the surface of vessel. The form of vessel very early began to be perceived as anthropoid (anthropomorphous ceramic tile). Persons were felt by a vessel as little receptacle, unlike a large receptacle - at home or cities. Thus a man also appeared the receptacle of ceramics, but middle sizes. Credit of keramika of photo. For what these receptacles? A man is placed in a house (city) (people). They are essence of house, his soul nephrite of keramika flowed. A man is filled by the spiritual world. artistic ceramics. And quite he is not indifferent to tomu, that fills him. Every body is intended for filling. Style is in the art of ceramics are an abstract Another ´ðóíòîâíèì by a concept, necessary a concept "style" comes forward for the valuable analysis of work of art. Exactly the ancient Greek origin has a word, in antiquity meant the name of stick for a letter. The value of word is gradual changed, although in basis remained pictures of those lines which can be outwardly found out. Style in an art is structural unity of the vivid system, outwardly found out the receptions of artistic expressiveness of çàâîä êåðàìèê, which are used in an art. A concept "style" is used for description of the stage in development of art of different artistic directions, individual manner of artist. In this case concepts "direction", a "flow" can be considered the synonyms of style. The features of historical moment which experiences society of history of ceramics. In some degree, it is possible to count style in an art the original reflection of epoch, by its "visiting-card" of ceramics are an abstract. 2. Basic types of art of production of ceramics. Bagatomanitnist' of types of art enables aesthetically beautifully to master the world in all his complication and riches. There are not main and second-rate types of art, each of them has the features and advantages. We will be stopped for short description some from them. Literature. The name originates from the Latin word "letter". Literature is a type of art, which aesthetically beautifully masters the world in an artistic word. Literature has unique cognitive possibilities, in fact by a word reality is explored complex, in all many-sided nature - not only perceptibly but also through deduction. Word - here material of literary appearance. A vividness is in basis of language, which is created people, absorbs their experience and becomes the form of thought of baking ceramics. In the process of forming of the verbal broadcasting there was transference of similar lines ot the phenomenon to the phenomenon, enriching associative transitions. It became basis of capacity for the artistic reflection of reality in a word. Gegel' named a word the most plastic material which directly belongs to Spirit. In prehistoric times of making of ceramics literature existed only in a verbal kind. The new stage of development of literature begins in case of occurring of the written language, although folk-lore does not lose the value as basis of literature and ponyne. Literature exists in three types of artistic text: epos (word for a word is a story), lyric poetry (word for a word - to which is executed under a lyre), drama (word for a word is an action). One variety differs ot other by the method of forming of image. For example, drama unites works which are intended for implementation on the stage, its genre subsections: tragedy, comedy, by Kernels, melodrama, farce of ceramics are an abstract. A lyric poetry is more frequent than all plotless, selected high emotionality, subjectivity, saturation of image. Setting of epos - to expound gradual skaz about the row of events. In writing literature epic genres are consider a novel, story, short story, dopovidannya, essay. Description each of the adopted genres also requires clarifications. Yes, for example, the historical translations of remoteness made basis for medieval knight's and comical a novel, and then developed in domestic, historical, adventure, love and other novels. Nothing, other artistic impressions can replace no artistic reading, because it is a basic form of artistic communication. This status of literature is explained its support on the natural broadcasting experience of humanity is concentrated in which, by its orientation on spivtvorche perception, to work of imagination, fantasies of artistic ceramics, on the permanent obligatory catching of supersense (to the implication). Dance (ot the German word "motion"). It is a type of art material of which poetic intelligent, organized in time and spacious motions and poses of human body. Dance and can be related directly to music, then he is named a "choreography". In basis of dance, as a separate type of art, primitive rituals, ritmizovani motions, which had, obviously, a magic influence on surrounding, lie. Dance existed simultaneously and as carrying out, as a creative art, that an author simultaneously came forward a performer. Dance purchased the special status in Ancient India, where and today remains the important component of culture. In Ancient Greece dance came forward part of cult. The new, societies forms of dance appear in Renaissance age (quick and slow). In 1661 Royal Academy of dance, which developed the system of classic choreography, is created in France. It play large role in development of ballet art, in fact then the basic normative rules of ballet were certain: vivorotnist' feet, proper positions of hands, the list of principal items and moving is set. A dancing technique was complicated gradually, new motions and receptions appeared. Next to effective dance, where with plots reasons were, the forms of "clean" dance developed. And in romantic ballet from 30th of the XIX item in dance already on "puantakh" (to the special shoe) dance got a vivid comprehension. There are various forms of the so-called domestic dance of -íàðîäíîãî, ball çàâîä êåðàìèê. In these dances national features appear brightly. And stage variants of these forms of dance are well-known in the whole world, it one of the most popular types of art of history of ceramics. Music. The name originates from Greek expression which is translated as a "art of muses". Music is a type of art, which represents the real reality in the emotional experiencing and ideas which are expressed through the sounds of the special family filled with sense, in basis of which - intonations of human language are generalized. Music of making of ceramics arises up yet on sunset existence of humanity. At first she executed a sacral function, repeating the rhythm of motions of labours, facilitated implementation of work and instrumental in it. Music creates the special sounds which do not exist in nature and which do not exist out of music. But in basis a musical sound has similarity by it to intonations of man, these intonations are always emotionally saturated ceramics are an abstract, interlaced from human senses. Music talks with a man the "direct language of the soul", flusters a man, causes a lot of emotions. Attention. Music is a not reflection of the subject world, but reflection of human senses and ideas. A melody, polyphony, rhythm, composition, come forward in music facilities of expressiveness. Music has the brightly expressed national lines which appear in an intonation, melodious, rhythmic line-up. As a rule, only from a few sounds we can know, what people work belongs to and in what time he it is written. Depending on togo, how the piece of music is carried out, distinguish vocal, instrumental and vocally instrumental music of çàâîä êåðàìèê. The most important types of music: symphonic, chamber, opera. And genres are a symphony, sonata, oratorio, suite, song, papers (heroic, comical, ë³ðèêî-áûòîâàÿ) et al. Music on the nature dynamic, it is a stream of sounds, which lives in time. It one of naydiyovishikh types of art. Theater. A theater is a type of art, in which production of ceramics the vivid recreation of reality takes place in the form of dramatic action, stage game which is carried out actors before an audience A theater is occupied by the special place among other forms of art, because belongs to the so-called synthetic types of art, that unites in itself the different types of art. Basis of theater is dramaturgy. Genres of dramaturgy: tragedy, comedy, drama. Elements of process of creation of presentation: producer project, stsenografiya, music, suits, make-up, illumination, essential element, prop, sceneries. There are different forms of making of ceramics of dramatic art of history of ceramics: a theater is dramatic, musical, doll. Extraordinarily important is influence on forming of theater as to the type of art of national traditions and psychological features of life of people. Generally known, that theater of China, India, Japan with the special ritual of the use of masks of baking ceramics, make-up, differs widely the system of characters ot the European theater of ceramics are an abstract. A cinematographic art is a type of artistic creation, which entered in the system of synthetic types of art in the XX item of çàâîä êåðàìèê Feature of cinematographic art in tom, that it enables direct reflection of reality in its spatio-temporal unity, reality depicts mobile, dynamic. Conventionally, that in the sphere of art included: 1. dokumentalistika (ot the films of informatively chronicles to the artistic publicism and documentarily poetic films); 2. popular scientific cinema (with documentary, animated and playing shots and episodes); 3. films of publicities, to which peculiar specific artistic features of production of ceramics; 4. experimental films which combine in itself everything kinds are adopted. Architecture. Fine art These types of art behave to so-called spatial. Unites them to, that their works most lasting, saved in ages. Maybe, that monuments of architecture, the masterpieces of painting incarnate the dream of getivskogo Faust: "Stop, instant, because you are wonderful". Offenses of all spatial arts are created artists from a dead matter, shape, which answers imaginary visualization of artistic ceramics, which arose up in consciousness of artist under the direct impression ot reality or created his fantasy on the basis of appearances, stored memory, is given them. That is why these arts yet can it would be be named formotvorchimi. But the terms of "obrazotvorchimistetstva" came to wide stay, "plastichnimistetstva" ot the Greek word - to model, create forms. Architecture (lat. architectura, ot grets. architektekthon - build) - to design an art and build at home and other buildings (also their complexes) which create the materially organized environment, necessity to the people for their life and activity, in accordance with setting, economic feasibilities and aesthetically beautiful persuasions of society. A purpose of this type of art is forming of reality after the laws of beauty at building of buildings which satisfy the necessities of man. Architecture creates the artistic world, marked off ot nature utilitarian, such, which resists elements and allows people to use it "space ochelovecheno" in accordance with their necessities and possibilities. Offenses of architecture of history of ceramics are on principle different ot appearances of other types of art. Mainly, that makes impression in architectural work, it is his proportions, ritmika of by volumes the masses which do one building majestic, and other - capriciously playful or gloomy. In this understanding architecture is named "hardening music". Painting, or engaged in painting. There are not subjects and to those which would be inaccessible picturesque embodiment. Exactly it unique property is underlined by a word which is used in the name of this type of art. If to try to give determination of this type of art on the basis of technical descriptions, it can suffice funny is causing in a certain sequence on the tu or other surface of spots of different color of ceramics are an abstract. But to, that these spots are able to influence on imagination of man is important. Painting is an image on the plane of pictures of the real world, which are re-formed in creative imagination of artist. First picturesque jobs of artistic ceramics can be found already in the pore of the primitive state, although the purpose of "'õóäîæíèêà" then was a desire to pass not so much an image is real, how many sense of seen. The standards of painting are accomplished left the cultures of Ancient Egypt, Greece, time of dark Ages. But the critical stage in development of painting was become by Renaissance age, when to a full degree the most important advantages appeared describe vividly in a study and fixing of living human appearance in bagatomanitnosti of his displays. Today painting in the arsenal has a great number of facilities for the recreation of creative fantasy of artist of making of ceramics. Painting is used: 1. monokhromnyy (by odnotsvetnym tone or tints of one tone) and system of interdependent colour tones (colourful din); 2. unchanging history of ceramics local color and changes colors (half-tones, transitions, tints) which show divergence in illumination of objects and in their position in space; 3. reflexes which show co-operation of paints of production of ceramics; 4. general tone allows to represent objects in unity with an environment, valeri form the thinnest gradations of tone of ceramics are an abstract; 5. on the direct study of nature the recreation of natural illumination and air environment is based (plener). Expressiveness of painting is determined character of stroke of history of ceramics, treatment of colourful surface (invoice). Passing to the volume and space is related to the linear and air prospect, design of chiaroscuro, use of voice-frequency gradations and spatial qualities of warm and cold flowers. Painting can be odnosloynoy (Alla prima) and multi-layered, that has pidmalevok and lesirovki. Describe vividly basis, as well as other fine arts, there is a picture (line). But already in the XIX item finally differentiating took place describe vividly the graphs. Painting, leaving a picture a pomichnim component, legalized the list of basic expressive facilities. Here they: 1. a colour is harmonious combination of flowers, their common sounding; 2. composition is combination of all elements of picture in unique whole; 3. chiaroscuro; 4. invoice, method of imposition of paints. Sculpture. The name of this type of art originates from the Latin word production of ceramics, which means "carve", "cut" out. Sculpture - it making of ceramics type of art in which offenses of reality are reproduced in plastic history of ceramics, by volume of spatial forms at the use of different materials. In sculptures as arts are the features, by it around subjects. It is linked, foremost, with possibilities, qualities of togo material which sculptural work is made out of. Consequently, can find out a few the most important methods of creation of sculpture of artistic ceramics: carving (if hard materials are used: marble, cuts), excision (tree), sticky (clay and other soft materials), casting (metal, plastic). In our time amount of materials which can use sculptors, broadened considerably, and allow to diversify expressive facilities of this type of art. The types of sculpture are distinguished after its setting. A sculpture is divided into monumental (including monumental'no-pam'yatnikovu and monumental'no-dekorativnuyu), machine (chamber) and so zvanu sculpture of small forms. A monumental sculpture is, as a rule, largenesses, she is counted on the difficult co-operating with architecture or landscape. It is a monument, monument, inter’erni decorations. If a sculptor does a figure in complete growth is a statue, to the thighs is a semifigure, torso, image waist-deep is a bust of baking ceramics, ot shoulders is a sculptural head (if with stesanimi shoulders - germa). Sculptural groups are name composition, where figures of a few people are. There were two basic varieties of sculpture of history of ceramics: round - if there is possibility to examine a sculpture from the different points of view, relief is a by volume image, located on some plane of ceramics are an abstract. A sculpture of small forms is sculptural works, decorative patterns and details which decorate the articles of way of life. It is different statuettes, glass-holders, ash-trays, reading-lamps, all, that is in the middle between a machine sculpture and decoratively applied art. A medal'erne art, gliptika (screw-thread on a stone) and other, belong here Graphic arts. It is a type of art the name of which originates from the Greek word production of ceramics, that in a translation means "write, scratch, draw". The graph can consider basis of all fine arts. In fact in graphic arts the most simple for a man method of recreation comes forward the basic mean of creation of image seen is a line, stroke, which create the contour of object or figure. A picture is the most old type of graphic arts, with him the origin of fine art is begun. Sources a picture can find painting of neolith in naskel'nomu, in ancient vazopisi, to the medieval miniature. From Renaissance age a picture is acquired by an independent value in the form of sketches, zamalevok of albums, etudes which are executed with the use of many facilities: pencil, coal, swept, sangini, feathers ~,-,,„ brushes and different sorts blackened, carcasses, water-colours. Other variety of graphic arts is engraving or print (machine graphic arts). It is a type of graphic arts, in which an image is the printing imprint of relief to the picture which is executed an artist on tom or other material. There are very much a lot of varieties of engraving. It is a woodcut and linoleum (wood engraving and linogravyura), engraving on a metal (aquating, metstso-tinto), dotted manner, soft varnish, dry needle, etching, lithography. Oldest kind to the print is the wood engraving, woodcut. It is the so-called high seal. Lithography is a type of flat seal. A printing form in her does not have relief. That is why, in strict sense, it is not engraving of artistic ceramics. Development and claim of new method of seal, photomechanical, far more effective and cheaper, than all other graphic techniques began at the end of the XIX item. It caused the new variety of graphic arts of ceramics are an abstract to life, so-called printing graphic arts - book, magazine-newspaper, artistically production. But here the attractiveness was not lost by the traditional methods of engraving of baking ceramics. The special descriptions of graphic arts are instrumental in it as to the type of art is a high degree of convention of image, terseness, acuteness of appearances, skontsentrovanist' facilities of expressiveness, improvisation, effect of the unfinished state, which compels a spectator to complete the process of creation of image in the imagination. Resume An artistic culture of production of ceramics is difficult, multi-layered education, which unites all types of art, process of artistic creation, his results and system of measures on creation, saving and distribution of artistic values, education of creative personnels and spectator audience. An art is the special kind spiritually practical mastering of reality after the laws of beauty. The feature of this mastering consists in tom, that it comes forward at artistically to the vivid form. An image comes forward in an art the form of thought. It is basis of any type of art, and a method of creation of image is a main criterion of belonging to the different types of art. Art as making of ceramics one of major constituents of culture proves in the variety of concrete types of artistic creation,, amount and complication of which steadily grows in accordance with the requirements of time. Type of art - it forms are real artistically to creative activity, which differ, foremost, by the method of embodiment of artistic maintenance of çàâîä êåðàìèê, specific of creation of image of artistic ceramics. The value of artistic culture in the modern world grows steadily, as to resist the phenomena of bezdukhovnosti, neglect to artistic property of humanity it is possible only by history of ceramics of perfection of creative potencies of society, awarenesses of priority of common to all mankind values and understanding of prospect of humanitarian are rozvoy cultures.

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In antiquity basic content of ceramic vessels was wine - blood of earth. Wine (grech. oinos, lat. vinum) is satisfied lately found a negative tint in the culture of humanity. And it is linked with moving of cultural center of production of ceramics humanity from a south to the north. In the conditions of the Mediterranean world it was curative drink, preventing many illnesses (especially stomaches). Used this “best gift of Creator” (a “gift is divine”, “source of life”) exceptionally in a natural kind, as home wine. And necessarily nephrite of keramika dilute a clean spring water. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome on 3 parts of water took a 1 part of wine, or on 5 parts of water - 2 parts of wine. In a “biblical region” drank drink “stronger” - on 3 parts of water took 2 parts of wine. Undilute wine was used in ancient times only by “barbarians”. Therefore wine was character of “cleanness of meal”.Äà and a grape-vine was considered the sign of comfort and material well-being of life. The point is that in Mediterranean vines grew to 0,5 m in a diameter and long (tile in high) from 10-òè floor house. One cluster of ooo garden-stuffs from such vine weighed about 5-6 kg, and separate berries achieved the size of plum and would not climb in a ceramic pot. Such vine could feed whole family.A variety of forms of vessels is a lyre of keramika: In ancient mythology red wine (namely him, insisted on a raisin, Greeks and Romans preferred) symbolized, from one side youth and eternal life, and from other is blood and offering of artistic ceramics. Like it and ceramic vessels expressly differentiated on purpose. Vase, later becoming common denotation of any ancient vessel, differed Greeks ot a bowl, jug, ritona and urns. So a jug was provided with pens, was with a wide throat and targeted at ladling and zastol'nogo pouring of wine (gidriya, oynokhoya, kiaf). In a jug internal space is closed, darkly. For mixing of wine with water or zastol'nogo drink the opened bowls were used with a large internal surface (crater, skifos, kilik, kanfar). Cults were consider exceptionally high vases prolate on a vertical line, unlike “horizontal” bowls (lutofor, lekif, alabastr). They were more frequent than other used as funeral urns from ceramics. Especially closed history of ceramics, protected from the outer world of production of ceramics there must were be vessels-depositories (stamnos, pelika, pifos). Ritony nephrite of keramika, done from heads or horns of animals (or as a head), made the special, especially sacral tableware. By completion of artistic ceramics of long way of development of the Greek ceramics some count an abstract 317 B.C., when the ruler of Athens Demetriy Falerskiy published a law, forbidding a luxury. The domestic lyre of keramika did not almost reach to us nephrite of keramika. Changed in athenian ceramics and maintenance of image. artistic ceramics. From one side, all more frequent mythological reasons, related to vinopitiem, began to appear. Numerous feasts, games, lyre of keramika, related to the dionisiyskim cult, literally captivate the surfaces of vessels. Credit of keramika. From other side, vessels become the attributes of gods and goddesses all anymore. Accordingly production of ceramics, and their images appear on vessels. It is Pandora, opening a box now already; Nemesis with a vase complete riches and honour for rewarding of deserving; Geba as a cup-bearer of gods; youth Gilas, making efforts to break from the hands of insidious nymphs; Kadm, killing a serpent, twining about a pot. Yet a little, and tile nephrite of keramika symbolism of ceramic vessel will become christian (vase with the languages of flame as an attribute of Mercy; Venus of Uraniya with the vase of the burning elevated love and, finally, flower in a vase as character of lady Day). And only for a short time nephrite of ceramics are an abstract, in the epoch of etruscan Rome, the factory of ceramics are an abstract returns a photo old feeling of vessel as bodies. All more frequent the lyre of keramika sounds the Greek aphorism of “soma - sema” (“a body is a grave”) history of ceramics. And kanopy appear for storage of ash usopshikh - one as a body of man with hands, feet and head; other remind an anthropoid urn; the third are decorated the figure of manikin, sitting on a vessel; the fourth sculptural represent a man (and even a few) after a sacral feast. In fact on etruscan presentations, passing to “other world” is an eternal feast. But gradually the culture of etruscans is taken by knowledge about the doom. An oracle predicted time of care of people from history. Etruscans trusted the oracle of production of ceramics. And all anymore appears the etruscan culture of the Roman period representing mournful old men. From the second half of the XX item of problem of analysis and synthesis of cultural development of humanity, co-operation of people, nationalities, nations explored many sciences. Historical sciences are studied by becomings and development of concrete people in their direct reality, in the chronologic sequence of events, specifying on the concrete forms of mezhregional'nogo co-operation of baking ceramics. Political sciences are studied by nations, as a rule, as subjects of political relations. For economic sciences mezhregional'nye copulas are interesting from point of specific of organization of financial production of ceramics are an abstract, international division of labor. An ethics theory and aesthetics study the regional features of moral norms and artistic perception of the world. Kul'turologiya of making of ceramics, conducting the analysis of large array of sotsiokul'turnykh constituents, groups them on certain signs and on the basis of synthesis of tipologizue cultural development after the beforehand chosen criteria. In other words, a kul'turologicheskiy analysis is most complete, that allows a human association to correct development of certain cultural regions. After the study of material of theme you will be able production of ceramics: 1. making of ceramics modern theoretical principles of scientific researches of cultural regions; 2. to select the system of criteria of analysis of the cultural phenomena of history of ceramics; 3. to apply the purchased knowledges at the capture of other liberal arts of production of ceramics; 4. to do the skilled analysis of the existing for today systems of regional tipologii of culture. Key concepts and terms: Historical tipologiya, regional tipologiya, cultural region, historical forms, reasons. cultural system, model of çàâîä êåðàìèê. 1. Types of the sotsiokul'turnykh worlds of production of ceramics We name society the characteristic sign of which is the special, specific for him type of culture the sotsiokul'turnym world. Any sotsiokul'turnyy world differs not only originality of culture but also consuetudes of life in him. A culture provides integrity of the sotsiokul'turnogo world, because she forms general informatively semiotics environment which vital functions of its members are in. This environment unites them and enables to co-operate between itself. The sotsiokul'turnye worlds can be reserved in the sphere of some separate ethnic culture (for example, world of Ancient Egypt or world of inkov). But unlike national cultures, they not necessarily arise up on the basis of ethnic community and can engulf different people and countries (for example, world of European dark ages, world of the Arabic culture). For the sotsiokul'turnykh worlds the characteristic relative dissociated is from external surroundings. Influencing of other cultures on them insignificantly and not reflected somehow substantially neither on maintenance of their life nor on a historical evolution (if she is not halted violently conquerors). Every sotsiokul'turnyy world is an original separate island of artistic ceramics or mainland of archipelago of human culture of history of ceramics, which exists relatively regardless of other its islands. All islands of this archipelago «live under a common sun» - they are united by general nature of humanity. It is possible that some time in the future they will meet in one whole, but to this pores a human culture developed and continues to develop in the conditions of existence of the sotsiokul'turnykh worlds. The sotsiokul'turnye worlds are divided into types which are not mutual exclude each other of production of ceramics. Historical types of culture are epoches in development societies which change each other (for example the ancient world); Regional cultures - it making of ceramics superethnic cultural associations of artistic ceramics, which appear in the proper geographical natural habitat and during historical great while keep the specific (for example, culture of Latin America); Civilizations are the sotsiokul'turnye worlds of various kind, which arise up on the proper stage of history and come forward as the special forms of society. They substantially differentiate on signs: on maintenance to spiritual life of ceramics are an abstract, level of development of technique and economy, by the features of the socio-political system, to dominating religion and other (for example, shumerskaya civilization). 2. Tipologiya of culture as scientific problem Culture as a stable system consists of great number of difficult subsystems of production of ceramics, the elements of which co-operate between itself, creating a difficult living organism. On the whole every element of the system is necessary history of ceramics, but by a not sufficient operating of culture condition. The exception of baking ceramics from this rule is homo sapiens is a creator of culture, which executes the functions of both necessity and sufficientness. Clearly, that the study of the difficult system is foreseen by application of such methods, which, not in contempt of fundamental intercommunications, allow vychlenit' separate more simple blocks and select in them them sutnistni signs. Attention! Tipologizatsiya in kul'turologii comes forward the certain methodological reception (by a method) of its study and analysis. Under tipologiey in modern science understand the process of baking ceramics, by which the system is divided on relatively more simple subsystems (elements) which are later alternated on certain signs. The process of grouping on certain signs, as registers in scientific literature, is conducted by the certain generalized idealizing model of artistic ceramics. Word "model" the Italian origin and means a "standard - to, to what compare". Model - the abstract copy of public process, phenomenon, event is created de bene esse. An abstract copy is not that other as an initial hypothesis which is later confirmed or refuted the real functioning of the system. As registers in dictionaries, the phenomenon can be described as a model, if this description gives affirmative answers to the question: 1. What purpose of creation of model of Study of concrete history of ceramics cultural phenomenon 2. That is concretely designed the real is Designed cultural process Consequently making of ceramics, requires tipologizatsiya cultures knowledges of the systems about the structure of its elements of production of ceramics, copulas, functions, relations, even organizations, system of vectors of priorities of its ascending development of ceramics are an abstract, which determine the features of the selected objects, and their comparative research allows sprognozirovat' the next stages of development. In kul'turologii, as a rule, two types of the systems of cultural development are selected: Analysing artistic ceramics modern scientific researches, it is possible to select four approaches to the tipologizatsii culture. Modern approaches to the tipologizatsii culture of production of ceramics: And. World view; II. Structure; III. Local; IV. Transitional epoches. In development humanity selects classless, class and modern democratic societies. Attention of production of ceramics ! Modern industrial society already is not written into the classic model of çàâîä êåðàìèê. Public relations, organization of production, redistribution of the accumulated history of ceramics riches grounds to describe him as society of modern democracies of ceramics are an abstract.

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• Welcome on the site-project of artistic workshop of O&M ! •

Transition: wares on a sale

The examples of author-works of artist on ceramics by Ropotilova Oksana are here presented
in directions: sculpture for an interior and exterior, folk-lore ceramics

(from individual single works to the production small series).

Where is it possible to apply our possibilities ? It:

• decorative elements of design of offices, hotels, bars, saunas, restaurants, wayside cafes,
child's grounds, dwellings apartments, parks, public gardens;

• excellent exclusive gifts;

• to the shops of plants is a wide choice of various pots;

• on all of suggestions, to listed above - possibility of individual development.

On all interesting you questions you can apply
by phone: +380503816816 , to write letter to address: keramart@svitonline.com,
or to leave the review in a guest book.

• The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramikos ("potter's earth, or pottery"). The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials whose formation is due to the action of heat. Up until the 1950s or so, the most important of these were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, along with cements and glass.
The traditional crafts are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet. The word ceramic can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture.
Ceramics is a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials.
Many ceramic materials are hard, porous and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to mitigate problems associated with these characteristics, and to accentuate the strengths of the materials as well as to investigate novel applications.

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